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Redundant Manipulator Kinematics and Dynamics on Differentiable Manifolds

9/20/2022

 
Edward J. Haug and Adrian Peidro, "Redundant Manipulator Kinematics and Dynamics on Differentiable Manifolds," ASME. J. Comput. Nonlinear Dynam. November 2022; 17(11): 111008. https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4055313
​Redundant manipulators provide versatility and enhance performance potential by using a greater number of inputs than outputs to be controlled. This flexibility enables obstacle avoidance and performance optimization, in addition to achieving specified outputs. However, this requires new analytical and computational tools that enable control strategies that select from an infinite number of admissible inputs that yield the specified output, while realizing enhanced manipulator performance. Topological attributes of Euclidean space, in which manipulators function, are employed to create a differentiable manifold structure that provides explicit parameterization of the infinite number of inputs associated with a desired output. This representation is employed to demonstrate achievement of output specifications, while avoiding obstacles in the manipulator’s workspace by switching between nominal input trajectories far from obstacles to self-motions that prevent collisions otherwise. It is also applied for mapping the self-motion manifold of a seven degree of freedom robot arm that is impossible to analyze using existing methods. A time domain implementation of the parameterization is presented that provides velocity and acceleration information required for control of manipulator dynamics. Computational methods are presented that enable real-time implementation of results derived on modern high-speed microprocessors, for use in computer-based manipulator control systems.
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Multidimensional Manifold Continuation for Adaptive Boundary-Value Problems

12/13/2021

 
Harry Dankowicz, Yuqing Wang, Frank Schilder, and Michael E. Henderson (March 18, 2020). "Multidimensional Manifold Continuation for Adaptive Boundary-Value Problems." ASME. J. Comput. Nonlinear Dynam. May 2020; 15(5): 051002. https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4046498
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Problems of engineering analysis are often formulated as systems of nonlinear equations that impose dependencies among the unknown variables. Even as the numbers of unknowns and equations may be very large, or even infinite, the number of degrees of freedom is typically finite and small. This is true of boundary-value problems corresponding to periodic orbits of smooth dynamical systems. Here, the number of degrees of freedom equals the number of system parameters, even though the space of unknown variables is infinite-dimensional. It is rarely possible to describe all solutions of a system of nonlinear equations in terms of a single set of independent variables, equal in number to the number of degrees of freedom. It is, however, typically possible to construct a marginally larger set of dependent variables that accomplishes this goal. Such a single set of variables may also be used to describe and compare approximate solutions to an infinite-dimensional problem obtained using different discretizations or different parameterizations of the governing equations. This idea is implemented in the most recent release of the software package COCO, a parameter continuation tool for approximating finite-dimensional manifolds of solutions to nonlinear equations by successively expanding piecewise-flat covers of such manifolds. Uniquely to this tool, analysis can proceed even when the problem discretization and parameterization vary during continuation, for example, when adapting a mesh to accommodate constraints on estimated discretization errors. As demonstrated in this paper, orders of magnitude reductions in computational costs result from judicious variable choices and degeneracies associated with phase invariances, as occur for periodic response of autonomous systems, can be eliminated with or without additional phase conditions.

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Multibody Dynamics on Differentiable Manifolds

9/2/2021

 
​Edward J. Haug (February 24, 2021). "Multibody Dynamics on Differentiable Manifolds." ASME. J. Comput. Nonlinear Dynam. April 2021; 16(4): 041003. https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4049995
 
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​Topological and vector space attributes of Euclidean space are consolidated from the mathematical literature and employed to create a differentiable manifold structure for multibody kinematics and dynamics. A kinematic configuration space representation of admissible motion of a mechanical system provides the foundation for the development. Using vector space properties of Euclidean space and multivariable calculus, a tangent space kinematic parameterization is presented that establishes the regular configuration space of a multibody system as a differentiable manifold. Topological properties of Euclidean space show that this manifold is naturally partitioned into maximal, singularity free components of kinematic and dynamic functionality. A dynamic parameterization of the d’Alembert variational equation of multibody dynamics yields singularity free ordinary differential equations of system dynamics on these components, without introducing Lagrange multipliers. Solutions of the differential equations satisfy configuration, velocity, and acceleration constraint equations and the variational equations of dynamics; i.e., multibody kinematics and dynamics are embedded in these ordinary differential equations. Two examples, one planar and one spatial, are treated using the formulation presented. Solutions obtained are shown to satisfy all three forms of kinematic constraint to within specified error tolerances, using fourth order Runge-Kutta numerical integration methods.
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